York experts have shed new light on an ‘almost 2,000 year old tragedy’ using revolutionary 3D scanning techniques.
Archaeologists in York have used the scans to study the Roman burial practice of pouring liquid gypsum over the bodies of adults and children laid to rest in coffins.
It’s the first time this technology has been applied to Roman burials of this type anywhere in the world.
Researchers say the “unparalleled” 3D images have shed new light on this intriguing and unusual burial practice.
Scans on the remains of a Roman family buried in York reveal that, in preparation for burial, all of the bodies in the group were completely wrapped from head to toe in shrouds and textiles of varying quality and weave.
Minute details such as the ties used to bind the burial shroud over the head of one of the adults and the bands of cloth used to wrap the infant are clearly visible.
Lucy Creighton, curator of archaeology at the Yorkshire Museum, said: “The incredible results of the 3D scan of the family burial group bring us face to face with the past and shows us a moment of tragedy that happened in York more than 1,600 years ago.”
Mysterious ritual
For reasons archaeologists do not entirely understand, the Romans sometimes poured liquid gypsum – a mineral used in making various types of cement and plaster – over the clothed bodies of adults and children in lead or stone coffins before burying them.
It appears to have been a custom associated with people of high status. Traces of aromatic resins from the Mediterranean and Arabia found earlier in three of the gypsum burials in York indicate the use of costly and exotic substances in the clothing and wrappings, substances available only to the elite.
As the gypsum hardened around the bodies and they then broke down, a negative cavity formed that preserved the original position and contours of the dead.
The imprint of shrouds, clothing, and footwear also survives in the gypsum, providing precious evidence for perishable materials that rarely survive in Roman graves.
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There are at least 45 such burials of this type recorded since the late 19th century in and around York.
The Yorkshire Museum has the largest and most important collection of these gypsum burial casts from Britain, and the project is a partnership between the University of York, York Museums Trust, and Heritage360.
For the York project, researchers chose a gypsum casing of a family of two adults and an infant who died at the same time.
“The 3D images allow us to witness a poignant family tragedy almost 2,000 years after it occurred, reminding us not only of the fragility of life in antiquity, but also the care invested in the interment of this group of people,” said Professor Maureen Carroll, chair of Roman archaeology at the University of York.
“The contours of the three individuals in the gypsum can be seen with the naked eye, but it is difficult to make out the relationship of the bodies to each other and to recognise how they were dressed or wrapped. The resulting 3D model clarifies these ambiguities in stunning fashion.”
The project team is hoping to secure major research funding to scan all the York gypsum casings. and skeletons to determine their age, sex, diet, and geographic origin.
The researchers also hope to better understand the nature and potential social status of textiles used in the burials, and the cultural, ritual, or practical reasons that might have determined this particular method of handling the dead not only in York, but elsewhere in Britain and beyond.
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